Paths to leisure physical activity among adults with intellectual disabilities: Social support and self-efficacy in a Midwestern context

Research on the predictors of physical activity among adults with intellectual disabilities is needed because this population experiences high rates of chronic disease and secondary conditions associated with a lack of physical activity. There has been a paucity of research, however, on physical activity determinants among this population on which to guide intervention development. This study tested a path model that included perceptions of social support and self-efficacy for leisure physical activity, and leisure physical activity participation among adults with intellectual disabilities. Social support was assessed using three referent groups: family, residential service staff, and peers with disabilities. Participants were 152 adults with mild to moderate levels of intellectual disabilities residing in group supported living settings. The hypothesized model fit the data from the sample. Social support and self-efficacy predicted physical activity participation, with self-efficacy serving as a mediator between social support and physical activity. The sample was divided into two groups based on age (younger group 18-34 years; older group 35-60 years). The hypothesized model again fit the data for each of the age sub-groups. For the younger group, only social support from family predicted physical activity, both directly and indirectly through its relationship to self-efficacy. For the older group, social support from staff predicted physical activity directly, and social support from peers predicted physical activity indirectly through self-efficacy. The study results provide information to guide physical activity promotion programs for adults with intellectual disabilities receiving supported living services.