Gender differences in the associations between sexual violence victimization, health outcomes, and risk behaviors

An estimated one out of six women and one out of thirty-three men has been a victim of sexual assault at some point in her/his lifetime. The objective of this study was to quantify the associations between sexual assault and negative health outcomes among males and females who reported being sexually assaulted in the past 12 months or at some point before the last 12 months. Data were obtained from the 2005 BRFSS core and sexual violence modules. A series of logistic regression models including all respondents and stratified by gender were used to identify differences associated with victimization. Among women, victimization before the last 12 months was significantly associated with poor health status (ORadj-2.19; 95%CI:1.80-2.68), poor mental health (ORadj-2.68; 95%CI:2.35-3.05), lower life satisfaction (ORadj-2.61; 95%CI:2.18-3.11), activity limitations (ORadj-2.91; 95%CI:2.58-3.28), smoking (ORadj-1.20; 95%CI:1.03-1.39), and binge drinking (ORadj-1.40; 95%CI:1.16-1.69). Women who reported victimization in the past 12 months were also significantly more likely to report poor mental health (ORadj-5.81; 95%CI:2.85-11.85), lower life satisfaction (ORadj-4.07; 95% CI:2.37-6.99), activity limitations (ORadj-2.62; 95%CI:1.40-4.89) and binge drinking (ORadj-3.52; 95% CI:2.01-6.16). Among males, only smoking (past 12 months) (ORadj-4.31; 95%CI:1.41-13.19) and activity limitations (before last 12 months) (ORadj-1.82; 95%CI:1.29-2.57) were significantly associated with victimization. Results of this study suggest that poor mental and physical health associated with victimization are more prevalent in women and that these relationships persist over time. The broad range of outcomes associated with victimization suggests that further research is needed to better understand the consequences associated with sexual violence across the lifespan.