Mechanisms for improved balance afforded by traditional Taiji and Qigong exercise: A randomized controlled trial of older adults

Taiji (T'ai Chi) has been shown to have generally positive effects on functional balance and may reduce the probability of falls in older adults. However, few studies have investigated the mechanisms by which Taiji may improve balance. Further, standing and sitting Qigong meditation exercises are fundamental components of traditional Taiji training, but these exercises have been mentioned in only one previous Taiji study to date.

In this study we aimed to evaluate changes in sensory and biomechanical balance mechanisms as a consequence of a Taiji exercise program for healthy older adults that intentionally emphasized both sitting and standing meditation and Taiji forms. Forty-nine healthy older adults (mean age 80.4, std. dev. 8.6) were randomized to participate in Taiji-Qigong (TQ) training (N=33) or a wait-list control group (WC, N=16). Sensory Organization Test (SOT), quiet stance Base of Support (BoS), and feet opening angle (α) measures were collected prior to instruction (T0), at two months (T2), and six months (T6).

Baseline normalized TQ group SOT vestibular ratio scores were +21% and +53% greater than WC at T2 and T6, respectively. Baseline normalized TQ group BoS scores were +16% and +27% greater than WC at T2 and T6, respectively, though no differences were observed in (α).

We conclude that improved use of vestibular input and wider stances are two mechanisms by which TQ training may improve healthy older adults' balance. Further study is needed to evaluate other balance mechanisms afforded by TQ practice and the individual and combined effects of different aspects of traditional Taiji practice.