Ka Waiwai O Ka Lahui

Water occupies a central place in Kanaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) culture, from the basics of life sustaining to spirituality. Water is literally wealth (waiwai), it is fresh water and ocean, and is the kinolau (body form) of the god Kâne, making it an essential ingredient in many traditional ceremonies. Water could be considered an organizing principal for the Kânaka Maoli of old, as traditional land divisions included access to both fresh water and the ocean. Water supplies food directly, in the form of fish, crustaceans, and seaweed, and indirectly, by allowing the growth of such staples a kalo (taro). Water plays a significant role in traditional medicine, and thus requires protection from pollution and intentional alterations. Various forms of water are also mentioned numerous times in ‘Ôlelo No'eau, Hawaiian proverbs.

Traditional knowledge about the kai, or ocean water includes knowledge about the winds rains, and currents. Equally important, both wai and kai are connected, and connected to other waters in the world into a world ocean. Such knowledge guides fishermen in the use of resources and traditional voyagers in their travels. Ocean water is associated with cleansing during Makahiki season, referred to as the Hi`uwai ceremony.

The centrality of water to Kanaka Maoli culture has also guided the evolution of water rights in Hawai‘i. These water rights, protected in the Hawai‘i constitution, statututes and common law, include the concept of fresh water as a public trust, and prioritize Kanaka Maoli traditional and customary uses, as well as stream preservation.