Violence of hunger: How gender discrimination and trauma relate to food insecurity in the United States

Rates of food insecurity in the United States have increased dramatically since the economic downturn from 35 to 49 million (16.4% of US population). Since the USDA began reporting food security rates in 1995, female-headed households have had the highest prevalence of food insecurity (currently 37.2% female-headed households are food insecure). Vulnerability to food insecurity is seen among women and children worldwide and is often related to gender discrimination and violence. Research with Witnesses to Hunger, a participatory action research initiative with Philadelphia low-income women, demonstrates that experiences with childhood trauma, rape and domestic violence affect women's mental health, their ability to continue school, and their ability to obtain an adequate job with a living wage. All of these factors affect their ability to afford food for themselves and their children. Two thirds of the women involved described experiences with major traumatic life events and community violence, and also experienced periods of food deprivation. Evidence from theme analyses utilizing atlast.ti suggests that previous and current experiences with violence and trauma are strongly correlated with the experience of hunger and food insecurity. Despite this connection, the national dialogue about hunger and poverty noticeably lacks any mention of the violence and trauma that are so often underlying factors. While proximal policy interventions related to nutrition assistance and income supports are essential, policy makers and the public alike must begin to address violence against women and children in order to stop the perpetuation of poverty and hunger.