“Where are They?” The challenges of using venue-time-based sampling methods in HIV prevention research with heterosexual Black men

BACKGROUND: To examine the challenges and effectiveness of venue-time-based sampling in an HIV prevention research study with heterosexual Black men (BHM) in Philadelphia, PA. METHODS: Based on power calculations, we aspired to recruit at least 500 BHM in Philadelphia, PA to complete a computer survey using venue-time based sampling methods. During formative research we randomly selected 53 Census block groups in Philadelphia with a population of at least 50% African American and enlisted the participation of 88 venues (e.g. barber shops, corner stores, etc.) within these block groups (determined to be viable using an enumeration process). In accordance with monthly-developed recruitment calendars, we completed 179 sampling events. Eligible men (identified as Black or African American, born in the United States, currently living in Philadelphia, between the ages of 18-44, and reported having had vaginal sex within the previous 2 months) during sampling event screenings could come to the REPRESENT Study office to complete the survey and receive a $50 incentive for participation. RESULTS: Over 10 months we logged 2,388 potential men and approached 2,082 (87%). Of those approached 1,288 agreed to be screened (62%) and 1,081 (84%) were deemed eligible during the screening process. A total of 578 (53%) eligible BHM came into the REPRESENT office and fully completed the computerized survey (overall yield 33%). CONCLUSION: Venue-time based sampling produced a low overall yield of BHM for HIV prevention research and notable challenges relating to staff, training, weather, safety, staff time and cost effectiveness.