Male Health Disparities: A ‘Normative Content'?

Epidemiologic studies and literature consistently have shown that males have fewer years of life expectancy than females. Moreover, males experience fewer quality years of life in that they tend to live with greater rates of morbidity such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes among other conditions. These facts hold true in the United States and abroad. Morbidity and mortality statistics lend credence to the role of biology in determining the life course for males. However, evidence exists as to how social determinants of health likely play a more central role in male morbidity and mortality. Theoretical underpinnings as to why people seem to accept male morbidity and mortality as normal in light of these biological and social determinants of health are not well understood. Building on social norming concepts and applying them to male health and gender role conflict issues, we present an alternative way of conceptualizing male health outcomes. The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic conceptualization of how society has become encultured to view male health disparities as “normative.” Strategies to improve male health will be discussed.