Assessment of food intake and disease risk among people experiencing homelessness in Rhode Island

This study examined the relationship between food intake and disease risk among people experiencing homelessness in Rhode Island. This correlational study utilized a convenience sample from the state's largest service agency for this population. Participants were homeless adults living on the streets, in shelters, or using Health Care for the Homeless services. Individuals were interviewed regarding their demographics and use of services such as emergency food, shelters, and the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program (SNAP). Food security was measured by a subset of the USDA Food Security Core Module. Anthropometric measures included height, weight, blood pressure, body mass index and waist circumference. A twenty-four hour dietary recall was collected to determine quality of food intake for a subset of participants. Of 319 participants, 68% of the sample was overweight or obese and were at increased risk for disease. Average dietary recall data indicated an insufficient intake of vegetables, fruit, and dairy and an excessive intake of fats. Over 94% of the participants were food insecure, with 64% of the population experiencing hunger. Fifty five percent of the participants were currently receiving SNAP benefits. During the previous month, more than half had eaten a daily meal in a soup kitchen but fewer than 30% reported using a food pantry. In a sample of people experiencing homelessness in Rhode Island, the majority was overweight or obese with increased disease risk and was food insecure with hunger. The average dietary intake of this sample did not meet dietary recommendations.