Boys' transitions through puberty in Tanzania

1) Purpose: The presentation will describe findings from an in-depth qualitative and participatory research study conducted with adolescent boys in Tanzania that was aimed at exploring the masculinity norms influencing boys' engagement in high-risk behaviors as they transition through puberty into young adulthood. 2) Data and Methods: Qualitative data from a two-year study in rural and urban Tanzania utilizing ethnographic observation, in-depth interviews with adolescent boys (aged 16-19 years old) and adults who interact in their daily lives (e.g. parents, teachers, village elders), and participatory activities with adolescent boys in and out of school. 3) Major Results: The major findings suggest masculinity norms within the society influencing boys' engagement in unsafe sex, the uptake and heavy use of alcohol, and experience or perpetration of violence. Rural and urban differences were identified, particularly in relation to parental monitoring of sons' behaviors, engagement in unsafe sex, and familial and community modeling of alcohol intake. Self-reported inconsistent and infrequent condom use suggested additional prevention interventions needed with younger aged boys given risks of sexually transmitted infections (including HIV) and unwanted pregnancy amongst partners. 4) Recommendations: More in-depth research is specifically needed on the social and cultural norms influencing boys' engagement in high-risk behaviors, along with the structural factors in their environment that contribute to their vulnerability. The widespread availability of alcohol, the pervasive nature of gender-based violence within their communities, and the perceived inadequacy of condom use behaviors all indicate substantial risks for boys transitioning through puberty today in Tanzania.