Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of premature mortality in the U.S. The prevalence of e-cigarette use has increased markedly in U.S. adolescents. Little is known about the potential influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use in adolescence. This cross-sectional study consisted of high school students who participated in the national 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). The study population consisted of 9,411 students after exclusions for age < 14 years and missing key variables. The prevalence difference (PD) was calculated for two specific ACEs, physical abuse and sexual abuse, in relation to cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use. Results were adjusted for age, sex, race, grade, bullying, depression and school grades. Compared with those who reported no physical abuse, those who reported physical abuse were statistically significantly more likely to be former (PD 13.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.9%, 15.2%) or current (PD 17.4%, 95% CI 15.8%, 19.0%) cigarette smokers, as well as former (PD 9.3%, 95% CI 6.9%, 11.7%) or current (PD 17.4%, 95% CI 15.8%, 19.0%) e-cigarette users. Similarly, sexual abuse was associated with former (PD 11.2%, 95% CI 8.4%, 14.0%) and current (PD 12.8%, 95% CI 10.7%, 15.0%) cigarette smoking and former (PD 12.4%, 95% CI 9.2%, 15.6%) and current (PD 12.8%, 95% CI 10.7%, 15.0%) e-cigarette use. History of physical abuse and sexual abuse were strongly and consistently associated with the likelihood of cigarette and e-cigarette use. ACEs may be important risk factors for cigarette smoking and e-cigarette use during adolescence.