Introduction
The syndemic framework provides a critical lens to examine the interwoven challenges of HIV, mental health (MH), and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Africa. This scoping review highlights how these conditions synergistically affect individuals living with HIV. Contextual factors such as stigma, poverty, gender disparities, and fragmented healthcare systems exacerbate these conditions, posing significant challenges to individual and public health.

Methods
A scoping review was conducted to explore syndemic interactions between HIV, MH, and NCDs across Africa. Following the PRISMA framework, literature searches were conducted in March 2024 across PubMed/Medline (OVID), Web of Science (all databases), CINAHL, Global Health, and Psychinfo. Articles were screened independently by two reviewers, with conflicts resolved by a third. Data were extracted to summarize study characteristics, prevalence rates, and contextual factors underpinning these syndemic interactions.

Results
Of 2,706 articles screened, 207 underwent full-text review, with 17 studies included. Hypertension, diabetes, and depression were the most prevalent co-morbidities among individuals living with HIV, disproportionately affecting women and older adults. Stigma, socioeconomic barriers, and fragmented healthcare systems consistently exacerbated these conditions, hindering effective care. Many NCDs and MH conditions were undiagnosed or poorly managed, complicating HIV treatment and reducing quality of life. Resource limitations and poor healthcare integration further impeded comprehensive care delivery.

Conclusion
This review underscores the urgent need for integrated healthcare approaches to address the syndemic of HIV, NCDs, and MH in Africa. Interventions should prioritize stigma reduction, capacity building, and comprehensive care while addressing underlying socioeconomic determinants of health among individuals living with HIV. Strengthening healthcare systems and promoting person-centered care are vital to reducing disparities and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Future research should expand geographic and demographic coverage to capture the full scope of these syndemic relationships in diverse African contexts.