Introduction: The 2022 Infant Formula Shortage (shortage) in the United States (U.S.) created challenges for families and revealed structural constraints. The purpose of this study was to assess the lived experiences of caregivers affected by the shortage to inform future policies and programs.

Methods: A convergent mixed methods study design was used. A cross-sectional online survey with U.S. caregivers responsible for at least one infant during the shortage and affected by the shortage (n=243) was conducted July through September 2024. Survey results describing participant characteristics, infant feeding experiences and impacts were assessed using descriptive statistics. Associations between experiences and impacts were tested using Pearson’s Chi-Squared tests with a post hoc analysis of adjusted cell residuals. Semi-structured qualitative interviews with caregivers surveyed (n=14) were conducted between July and November 2024. A qualitative content analysis was performed.

Results: Most survey participants (77.8%) were in the U.S. Supplemental Nutrition Program (WIC) during the shortage. The most frequent coping behavior was switching from preferred formula brand (51.4%). Participants who changed their infant feeding practices were more likely to rate themselves as being very affected (p <0.002) or that their mental health was very affected (p<0.003) by the shortage. Most (66.7%) caregivers received support from friends or family. Caregivers reported detrimental physical effects on infant well-being after switching infant formulas, mixed experiences with WIC, financial strains, and tolls on mental health.

Discussion: Policies and efforts that link resources to caregivers are needed to protect infant feeding, promote caregiver mental health and safeguard against future disruptions.