GIS applications for public health in rural Haiti

Spatial epidemiology is a multidisciplinary field that encompasses global health with applied geographic information systems (GIS). Spatial epidemiologists study how disease risk or incidence varies with geographic location. This includes the study of whether disease transmission is localized or pathogens are spatially restricted and the clustering of susceptible populations. The use of GIS to create maps for epidemiologic purposes serves two purposes: a retrospective analysis of what factors influenced the pattern/rate of spread of diseases and to identify areas at risk of infection. Although all countries share similar needs for GIS, there are a number of constraints that limit its implementation in developing countries. Using a handheld GPS, the geographic location of any place around the globe can be more accurately determined than with a commercial interactive map. In a primary study, health statistics for Borgne, Haiti were incorporated into a GIS to produce accurate, localized information on the state of public health in a visually powerful way. Borgne is a picturesque coastal town in northern Haiti, where Haiti Outreach Pwojè Espwa (H.O.P.E.), a nonprofit organization, works to improve health, education and economic development. In 2006, the organization established the Borgne Health Alliance (Alyans Sante Borgne, ASB) to provide preventive and primary care health care. Approximately 35,000 patients annually visit the community hospital and mobile clinics. Working in collaboration with ASB staff, health data was collected on-site to create epidemiological maps. Field research conducted in Borgne illustrates the benefits and limitations of GIS for health applications in rural Haiti.