Exploring the legacy of genocide perpetrated against Tutsi and rape in Rwanda: Memories and experiences of female rape survivors

Background.In 1994, Rwanda experienced ethnically motivated genocide against the Tutsi leaving over one million people, mostly civilians dead. Rape and violence against women was used systematically. Survivors have ever since experienced profound physical and emotional trauma and suffering.

Aim.The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of female genocide and rape survivors and identify unmet physical and mental health and support needs.

 

Method.A qualitative exploratory cross-sectional case study design was used. Six women who had been raped during the genocide were identified using a snowball sampling.  Semi-structured and narrative interviews were conducted. Constant comparative coding was used and main themes were analyzed in terms similarities and differences between cases.

Results.Women made clear in their accounts that the rape was not only used as a violent act against them but as a systematic act of torture of other family members. The consequences of rape included physical (e.g HIV positive status; chronic pain, broken bones), social (isolation, remaining unmarried), psychological (humiliation, low self esteem, lack of hope). Particularly, mother-child relationships (where the child is the product of rape) have been challenging in terms of attachment, behavioral problems, and conflicted identity. Women varied in their emotional resilience, some said their belief and support from family and other women with the same experiences had helped them.

Conclusions. The plight of genocide and rape survivors and persistent trauma have not received sufficient attention by health professionals. The trauma, even 20 years after the atrocities requires counseling and support interventions.